{"id":503,"date":"2026-02-15T16:19:49","date_gmt":"2026-02-15T14:19:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mariamartelli.ro\/?p=503"},"modified":"2026-02-16T10:56:32","modified_gmt":"2026-02-16T08:56:32","slug":"recitiri-in-iarna-explorand-genul-in-gethen-cu-ursula-k-le-guin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mariamartelli.ro\/en\/recitiri-in-iarna-explorand-genul-in-gethen-cu-ursula-k-le-guin\/","title":{"rendered":"Recitiri \u00een Iarn\u0103. Explor\u00e2nd genul \u00een Gethen cu Ursula K Le Guin"},"content":{"rendered":"

Fiindc\u0103 e iarn\u0103 \u0219i am vrut s\u0103 fie iarn\u0103 mai mult, poate pentru prima dat\u0103, am c\u0103utat c\u0103r\u021bi scufundate \u00een z\u0103pad\u0103. Nu mi-a fost u\u0219or s\u0103 le g\u0103sesc \u2013 nu zic c\u0103 nu sunt, dar \u00een biblioteca mea nu prea erau. Atunci mi-am amintit de \u201eM\u00e2na st\u00e2ng\u0103 a \u00eentunericului<\/strong>\u201d de Ursula K. Le Guin, un roman care se petrece \u00een \u00eentregime pe Gethen, o planet\u0103 zis\u0103 \u0219i Iarn\u0103. Acolo, un trimis al Ecumenului, Genly Ai, are sarcina de a convinge suveranii na\u021biunilor de a se al\u0103tura ligii umanit\u0103\u021bii. Mi-am zis c\u0103 e momentul s\u0103 o recitesc. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eM\u00e2na st\u00e2ng\u0103 a \u00eentunericului\u201d e volumul care m-a f\u0103cut s\u0103 m\u0103 \u00eendr\u0103gostesc iremediabil de fic\u021biunea speculativ\u0103. P\u00e2n\u0103 s\u0103 o citesc, la 15 ani, credeam c\u0103 SF-ul e o treab\u0103 plictisitoare de b\u0103ie\u021bi, cu b\u0103t\u0103lii spa\u021biale \u0219i inova\u021bii tehnologice complicate, explicate \u00eendelung, f\u0103r\u0103 suflet. \u0218i \u00eentr-adev\u0103r SF-ul chiar asta a fost o vreme, dominat de b\u0103rba\u021bi a c\u0103ror pove\u0219ti se axau predominant pe ceea ce se nume\u0219te uneori \u201ehard SF\u201d, unde logica \u0219i tehnicile viitorului domnesc deasupra pove\u0219ti (\u00eentre timp a \u00eenceput s\u0103-mi plac\u0103 \u0219i asta \u00een c\u00e2teva instan\u021be, dovad\u0103 c\u0103 am citit cu aviditate trilogia lui Liu Cixin<\/a>, \u201eAmintiri din trecutul P\u0103m\u00e2ntului\u201d). Dar Le Guin mi-a dovedit contrarul. A ajutat \u0219i c\u0103 f\u0103ceam un curs online care m-a dus la ea, altfel n-a\u0219 fi pus m\u00e2na pe cartea ei. P\u00e2n\u0103 atunci, dac\u0103 \u00eemi amintesc bine, tot ce citisem din domeniul fantasticului se oprise la c\u0103r\u021bile de copii, de care m\u0103 l\u0103sasem, \u00eencep\u00e2nd s\u0103 citesc doar beletristic\u0103 \u201eserioas\u0103\u201d, de \u201eadul\u021bi\u201d (sau m\u0103 rog \u2013 adolescen\u021bi, citeam Camus, Nabokov, JD Salinger, etc.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le Guin mi-a scurtcircuitat creierul, m-a f\u0103cut s\u0103-mi dau seama c\u0103 acolo vreau s\u0103 fiu \u2013 pe Gethen, sau oricare alt\u0103 planet\u0103 care nu e P\u0103m\u00e2ntul. \u00cen alte timpuri, \u00een universuri cu alte reguli. Eram fascinat\u0103 de lumea pe care o construise, de frigul ce-\u021bi intra \u00een oase, de personajele de pe Gethen, a c\u0103ror sexualitate \u0219i expresie de gen se activa o dat\u0103 pe lun\u0103, conform unui ciclu \u2013 \u00een restul timpului erau androgini asexuali. C\u00e2t de interesant mi s-a p\u0103rut pe atunci g\u00e2ndul acesta, c\u00e2nd \u0219tiam pu\u021bine despre non-binaritate \u0219i gendequeernes. Iar ea scrisese volumul spre finalul anilor 60! <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

\u201e\u2013 Genry, n-ai \u00een\u021beles \u00eenc\u0103 de ce am perfec\u021bionat \u0219i de ce practic\u0103m Prezicerea?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2013 Nu\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2013 Pentru a demonstra c\u0103 este perfect inutil s\u0103 cuno\u0219ti r\u0103spunsul la o \u00eentrebare gre\u0219it\u0103.\u201d \/66<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

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Recitind-o, cartea m-a prins la fel de mult ca prima dat\u0103. Cu alt ochi acum, se vede clar influen\u021ba antropologiei \u00een scrierile ei, e ceva fascinant de observat: construc\u021bia minu\u021bioas\u0103 a regulilor culturale a celor dou\u0103 popoare (unul o monarhie haotic\u0103, cel\u0103lalt o birocra\u021bie de stat, ambele sub influen\u021ba unui \u201eshiftgrethor\u201d, un mod de comunicare care presupune multe reguli de respect \u0219i prestigiu), influen\u021ba mediului rece asupra modului de trai \u0219i supravie\u021buire (frigul care a afectat dezvoltarea tehnologiei; monismul lor influen\u021bat \u0219i de lipsa altor animale mari, care le-a f\u0103cut greu de imaginat dualismul p\u0103m\u00e2ntean), spiritualit\u0103\u021bile specifice (integrarea \u00eentunericului \u0219i a luminii, apoi superbe scenele cu Prezic\u0103torii), regulile de dezvoltare a anumitor caracteristici sexuale \u0219i practicarea sexului \u00een \u201ekemmer\u201d (un fel de \u201esezon de \u00eemperechere\u201d lunar, cum ar veni \u2013 un precursor ce acum e dus \u00een alt\u0103 direc\u021bie \u00een crea\u021biile din fic\u021biunea speculativa erotic\u0103 tip Omegaverse, de exemplu, unde hibrizi umani devin extrem de vulnerabili\/lipsi\u021bi de control c\u00e2nd intr\u0103 \u00een \u201ec\u0103lduri\u201d), modificarea tabuului incestului (un experiment antropologic, mi se pare, fiindc\u0103 Le Guin \u0219tia cu siguran\u021b\u0103 c\u00e2t de fundamental e considerat acesta \u00een studiile antropologice), dimensiunea filozofic\u0103 \u0219i profund uman\u0103 a ideilor despre viitor, omenire, loialitate \u0219i critica na\u021bionalismului.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

\u201eDac\u0103 ur\u0103sc Orgoreynul? Nu, de ce a\u0219 face-o? Cum po\u021bi s\u0103 ur\u0103\u0219ti o \u021bar\u0103 sau s\u0103 iube\u0219ti alta? Tibe vorbe\u0219te despre asemenea lucruri, eu n-am abilitatea lui. Eu cunosc oameni, ora\u0219e, ferme, dealuri, r\u00e2uri \u0219i st\u00e2nci. \u0218tiu cum, toamna, razele amurgului scald\u0103 un lumini\u0219 pe o colin\u0103. Dar ce rost are s\u0103 \u00eenconjori toate aceste lucruri cu o grani\u021b\u0103, s\u0103 le dai un nume \u0219i s\u0103 te opre\u0219ti cu iubirea acolo unde numele \u00eenceteaz\u0103? Dac\u0103 \u00ee\u021bi iube\u0219ti \u021bara \u00eenseamn\u0103 s\u0103 ur\u0103\u0219ti ne-\u021bara? Atunci nu-i bine.\u201d \/185<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Explor\u0103ri pe o planet\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 gen \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 r\u0103zboi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Cu toate c\u0103 personajul principal, Genly Ai, nu e \u00eentotdeauna pl\u0103cut ca \u0219i povestitor, fiind mult prea \u00eenchistat \u00een preconcep\u021biile de gen binar ale societ\u0103\u021bii din care vine, el este mecanismul perfect pentru a produce ne\u00een\u021belegere pe Gethen. Incapacitata lui de a \u00een\u021belege non-binaritatea gethenienilor (sau mai bine zis, unitatea?), c\u00e2t \u0219i modul lor de comunicare (\u201eshiftgrethorul\u201d), \u00eel duce la alegeri tot mai periculoase. Pe de alt\u0103 parte, avem vocea localnicului Estraven, a c\u0103rui poveste o afl\u0103m \u00eenceti\u0219or \u2013 pentru cine lucreaz\u0103 el, cui \u00eei e loial (regelui Karhidish, sau celor din orgota?), ce \u00eel intereseaz\u0103 cu adev\u0103rat, totul ne e dezv\u0103luit, eventual. Dar \u00eentre timp, trebuie s\u0103 st\u0103m cu aceste pronume masculine al\u0103turi de gethenienii ne-geniza\u021bi, c\u0103ci alte pronume Le Guin n-a \u00eendr\u0103znit s\u0103 utilizeze.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M-am \u00eentrebat acum de ce, \u00eentr-o asemenea societate, heterosexualitatea \u00een rela\u021bii sexuale ar fi considerat\u0103 normalul? Probabil f\u0103r\u0103 motiv, dec\u00e2t \u00eens\u0103\u0219i anul \u00een care a fost scris\u0103 cartea, c\u0103ci Le Guin \u0219i-a cerut scuze apoi pentru asta (\u00een \u201eIs Gender Necessary? Redux\u201d<\/a>, men\u021bionat\u0103 \u00een White, Donna R. (1999). Dancing with Dragons: Ursula K. Le Guin and the Critics<\/em>). \u0218i mai e un lucru pe care \u00eel realizez acum, de\u0219i \u0219tiu c\u0103 \u0219i atunci am r\u0103mas nedumerit\u0103 de el: de ce apropierea dintre cei doi (Estraven \u0219i Genly) nu ajunge s\u0103 fie fizic\u0103? De\u0219i \u00eentreg volumul e o explorare a unor idei \u00eempotriva dualit\u0103\u021bilor p\u0103m\u00e2nte, acest refuz al sexualit\u0103\u021bi \u00eemi pare o modalitate de a pune mai presus sufletul\/mintea (mai ales c\u0103 uniunea lor ajunge s\u0103 fie \u201emai profund\u0103\u201d poate, fiind telepatic\u0103 \u2013 ori, poate, e \u0219i o r\u0103m\u0103\u0219i\u021b\u0103 de homofobie acolo, cum sugereaz\u0103 Lamb \u0219i Veith, men\u021bionate \u00een White, 1999?). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u00e2n\u0103 la urm\u0103, ce face Gethenul e mai mult s\u0103 ridice \u00eentreb\u0103ri \u0219i dezbateri, dec\u00e2t s\u0103 le r\u0103spund\u0103. De exemplu, faptul c\u0103 e o planet\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 r\u0103zboi se datoreaz\u0103 non-binarit\u0103\u021bii locuitorilor, lipsei patriarhatului, lipsei mamiferelor mari (a c\u0103ror exploatare duce la necesitatea acumul\u0103rii de p\u0103m\u00e2nt \u0219i apoi la colonialism), sau frigului? Citind eseul lui Le Guin, aflu c\u0103 toate acestea vin dup\u0103 \u2013 ea pornise cu ideea de a scrie despre inexisten\u021ba r\u0103zboiului (\u00een  \u201eIs Gender Necessary? Redux\u201d).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mai e ceva ce admir la Le Guin, un lucru pe care atunci, la prima lectur\u0103, nu-l \u0219tiam. Capacitatea ei de a se r\u0103zg\u00e2ndi, de a \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba, de a se contrazice. Dac\u0103 urm\u0103re\u0219ti parcursul ei ca feminist\u0103, observi c\u0103 \u00eenceputurile n-au fost directe: \u0219i ea a fost afectat\u0103 de cultura machist\u0103 a societ\u0103\u021bii sale, \u0219i de cea a SF-ului. Dar, cu timpul, s-a schimbat. \u00cen \u201eIs Gender Necessary? Redux\u201d ea revine asupra eseului scris \u00een 1976, la peste zece ani distan\u021b\u0103, pentru a confirma dimensiunea feminist\u0103 a romanului, pe care ini\u021bial \u00eencercase s\u0103 o ocoleasc\u0103, nevr\u00e2nd s\u0103 fie plasat\u0103 \u00eentr-o cutiu\u021b\u0103 str\u00e2mt\u0103. Tot aici se scuz\u0103 de faptul c\u0103 oamenii negeniza\u021bi par, totu\u0219i, s\u0103 fie \u201eb\u0103rba\u021bi\u201d, ca \u0219i cum asta ar fi genul neutru, \u0219i men\u021bioneaz\u0103 inventarea unor pronume non-binare pentru o versiune de screenplay a c\u0103r\u021bii. Deduc, de aici, c\u0103 Le Guin ar fi fost cel pu\u021bin curioas\u0103, dac\u0103 nu \u00eenc\u00e2ntat\u0103, de experimentele gramaticale \u00eempotriva genului binar, cum e \u0219i folosirea \u201ex-ului\u201d \u00een limba rom\u00e2n\u0103. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ca scriitoare, dar \u0219i ca cititoare, \u00eemi d\u0103 speran\u021b\u0103 s\u0103 citesc revizuirile acestui eseu: ele sunt semne c\u0103 putem lua public pozi\u021bii u\u0219or gre\u0219ite, pe care apoi s\u0103 revenim. Poate chiar c\u0103 o vom face (acum c\u0103 lumea scrie tot ce-i trece prin cap pe internet). Important e c\u0103 ne putem schimba, putem integra noi versiuni ale noastre. \u0218i putem l\u0103sa Gethenul s\u0103 ne deschid\u0103 acele \u00eentreb\u0103ri c\u0103l\u0103uzitoare care \u00eenc\u0103 ne fac curiosix \u0219i care continu\u0103 s\u0103 fie extrem de relevante \u0219i azi: cum ar fi o lume f\u0103r\u0103 diviziune ierarhic\u0103 de gen? Dar una f\u0103r\u0103 r\u0103zboi? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen v\u00e2ntul \u00eenghe\u021bat al planetei, sub n\u0103me\u021bii de z\u0103pad\u0103, acolo am fost \u0219i eu c\u00e2teva zile, \u0219i v\u0103 spun, a fost mult mai frig dec\u00e2t mi-a\u0219 fi dorit, dar mi-am amintit de ce iubesc lucr\u0103rile lui Le Guin \u0219i de ce \u00eenc\u0103 abia a\u0219tept s\u0103 m\u0103 \u00eentorc, sau s\u0103 m\u0103 duc, spre c\u0103r\u021bile ei. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

\u201eLumina este m\u00e2na st\u00e2ng\u0103 a \u00eentunericului, <\/p>\n\n\n\n

iar \u00eentunericul m\u00e2na dreapt\u0103 a luminii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dou\u0103 sunt una, via\u021b\u0103 \u0219i moarte, totuna,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

precum \u00eendr\u0103gosti\u021bii \u00een kemmerer, <\/p>\n\n\n\n

precum dou\u0103 m\u00e2ini unite laolalt\u0103,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

precum \u021belul \u0219i calea.\u201d \/205<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Atunci mi-am amintit de \u201eM\u00e2na st\u00e2ng\u0103 a \u00eentunericului\u201d de Ursula K. Le Guin, un roman care se petrece \u00een \u00eentregime pe Gethen, o planet\u0103 zis\u0103 \u0219i Iarn\u0103. Acolo, un trimis al Ecumenului, Genly Ai, are sarcina de a convinge suveranii na\u021biunilor de a se al\u0103tura ligii umanit\u0103\u021bii. <\/p>\n

\u201eM\u00e2na st\u00e2ng\u0103 a \u00eentunericului\u201d e volumul care m-a f\u0103cut s\u0103 m\u0103 \u00eendr\u0103gostesc iremediabil de fic\u021biunea speculativ\u0103.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":504,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[25,21,4,26],"class_list":["post-503","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-romana","tag-feminism","tag-fictiune-speculativa","tag-queer","tag-recenzie-de-carte"],"yoast_head":"\nRecitiri \u00een Iarn\u0103. 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Mi-am zis c\u0103 e momentul s\u0103 o recitesc.\u00a0\u201eM\u00e2na st\u00e2ng\u0103 a \u00eentunericului\u201d e volumul care m-a f\u0103cut s\u0103 m\u0103 \u00eendr\u0103gostesc iremediabil de fic\u021biunea speculativ\u0103.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/mariamartelli.ro\/en\/recitiri-in-iarna-explorand-genul-in-gethen-cu-ursula-k-le-guin\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Recitiri \u00een Iarn\u0103. Explor\u00e2nd genul \u00een Gethen cu Ursula K Le Guin - Maria Martelli\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Atunci mi-am amintit de \u201eM\u00e2na st\u00e2ng\u0103 a \u00eentunericului\u201d de Ursula K. Le Guin, un roman care se petrece \u00een \u00eentregime pe Gethen, o planet\u0103 zis\u0103 \u0219i Iarn\u0103. 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